Annotation of argument between college and students extract.

This extract was from a director of a college proclaiming what was right and wrong between the students when going to the college.

The extract consists of many graphological forms. For example Bold font to show an emphesis of the title and italics in represntation of the formality and spoken dialogue of the director who had written the letter. Furthermore, the author of the letter had also used underlining of words to show the importance of this letter.

In terms of layout, you can see that there are bullet points to show a stepped or sequence list. To show a clear order for the reader to understand but isnt set out in alphaberical order but instead the most important first so the reader gets a good understanding of thats most important.

Furthermore, the language choices such as noun phrases, verbs and pronouns, discourse structure and audience purpose will be what imapcts the reader most.
Firtsly the noun phrases such as 'appropriate teaching' and 'acquire sound learning skills' all stand out the most and make the audience understand easily what will happen when they come to college. Also the discourse structure of the letter, for example "I, the student..." shows that the letter is personal to you. Lastly the use of modal auxilleries shown in the extract show that the letter is very defiant and precise on what they want you to do. For example "will take account of your abilities"

Overall in this extract, it is clear to say that this letter is very informative which is also known in context, A declarative and provides the most information for the audience to understand what is neccessary.

Erving Goffman

Erving Goffman studied the theory of Face. This meant when an individual has a potitive and negative face. Firstly the Positive face need means its accosiated with feeling valued and apprecitated whilst the negative face needs are they theyre desired to feel indepdant and not imposed upon.

 Erving Goffman, a sociologist who helped to explain society through the everyday interactions of people. Who is known most for his study and analysis of everyday human interactions. He did not rely on any formal type of scientific method to gather his data, instead he used the act of simple observation to explain society. Goffman's research is fundamental in understanding society's ideas, values, and beliefs through the behaviour of the individual. It is through his findings that we can better understand situational behaviour.

Goffman was a sociologist who viewed society through the symbolic interaction perspective.

 Interactionism views society as a framework of people living in a world full of meaningful objects. These objects may be physical, actions, relationships, or symbols. Interactionists believe that humans place a meaning on all things to understand it.

 

Dexis are words and phrases that cannot be fully understood without additional contextual language.

1. Person Dexis - I,ME,YOU
2. Spatial Dexis - HERE,THERE,LEFT,RIGHT
3. Temporal Dexis - NOW,THEN,TODAY,TOMORROW 

 



Erving Goffman

Grices Maxims

Grices Maxims is the theory that speakers adhere to conversational mains. Grice proclaims that when we communicate, without realising the person we are talking to will conversationally cooperate, to achieve mutual conversational ends. Even when we are not being cooperative socially, we are still achieving a conversation meaning we are going by Grices Maxims which we feel the need to abide by.

Grices Maxims came up with four maxims, following in the common order of:

• QUANTITY - Use of appropriate amount of detail when speaking to someone with right amount of conversational linguistics. 

• QUALITY - Speaking the truth and only the truth with no reason to knowingly mislead, meaning no lying and speaking truthful at all times during a conversation.

• RELEVANCE - Keep what is being discussed relevant and according to the topic of conversation. No need of changing the subject mid-way through conversation.

• MANNER - Avoid ambiguity and vagueness when talking and be full of enthusiasm.

Also what was important to Grices Maxims was the POLITENESS element when having a conversation with someone. This is also known as the 'super maxim' that people are mindful of others personal or face needs, elaborating that being respectful and well mannered is key for keeping the person you are talking to happy with the topic and not disrespectful. 

Grices Maxims is also known as the cooperative principle.

PAUL GRICE

William Labov - Theory of Spoken discourse structure

William Labov is the theorist whom categorised the social linguist known as spoken discourse structures. Labov was best known for the work he done on language variation and change. Labov’s most important contributions were on the discourse analysis making a model of the structure of the spoken narrative whilst co – writing with Waletzsky in 1967. A study of therapeutic discourse which sets out an analysis to discover structural regularities beneath the conversations between people. Mainly through a client and customer conversation. Labov then provided a summary of the structural approach of the fundamental problems of discourse analysis.

They appear in the order of:

• ABSTRACT - (A) The indication that a narrative is about to start and the speaker wants to get the listeners attention. 

"Guess what happened to me today"

• ORIENTATION - (O) The who,what,where and why of the narrative, set the scene by providing contextual information.

"So Jade and I was in London shopping for her holiday in May"

• COMPLICATING ACTION - (CA) The main body providing a range of narrative detail.

"When we was walking around it started to rain, people began to run to get under cover from the bad weather when the pavement became slippery"

• RESOLOUTION - (R) The final events to give narrative closure.

"She slipped over and cut her leg over and broke her arm, when she was then taken to hospital"

• EVALUATION - (E) Attention to the basic story to highlight attentions/attitudes/command and gets the listeners attention at the right moments.

"So Jades day out went from good to bad very quickly and now she will be in a cast on her holiday"

• CODA - (C) A sign that the narrative is complete, may include a finish.

They're were also four main evaluations that Labov studied:

1. EXTERNAL EVALUATION - Added by the narrator at the time of recounting and not usually part of the series of events.
2. INTERNAL EVALUATION - Occurring at the same time as those detailing in the complicating action.
3. INTENSIFYING EVALUATION - Contributing via gestures, repetitions or dramatic sounds.
4. EXPLICATIVE EVALUATION - Proving reasons for narrative events.

WILLIAM LABOV

Noun phrases in headlines

 In this post I will be identifying the noun phrases from headlines in magazines and newspapers, using the determiner noun, the pre - modifier, head noun and the post modifier.

Ferdinand de Saussure

In this post I will be explaining the concept of Ferdinand De Saussure's Theory of Signs

Saussure was the semantic theorist of the study of signals and how signs are interpreted. The Swiss linguist and semiortican was the one who laid ideas to the foundation of many significant development in both linguistics and semiology in the 20th century.

The way it goes is:

SEMANTICS to SEMIOTICS to GRAPHOLOGY

There is also two types of signs:

Iconic signs - A direct picture of the thing it represents, although often simplified.

Symbolic signs - Drawn on an association or connotation and are usually defined by cultural convention based on existing cultural methods.

Saussure suggested that there was a 'dyadic' or two-part model of the sign. He defined a sign as being composed of:

• A 'signifier' (signifiant) - The form which the sign takes.
• The 'signified' (signifié) - The concept it represents.

The relationship between the signifier and the signified is referred to as 'signification'.

Ferdinand de Saussure